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ABSORPTION OF FATS. 535
then very large quantities may be absorbed without causing any dis-
turbance, and the absorption may be very complete. Rubner found
the following: On partaking 508-G70 grams of carbohydrates, as wheat
bread, per day, the part not absorbed amounted to only 0.8-2.6 per cent.
For peas, where 357-588 grams were eaten, the loss was 3.6-7 per cent,
and for potatoes (718 grams) 7.6 per cent. Constantinidi found on
partaking 367-380 grams of carbohydrates, chiefly as potatoes, a loss
of only 0.4-0.7 per cent. In the experiments of Rubner, as also of
Hultgren and Landergren,1
with rye bread the utilization of car-
bohydrates was less complete, and the loss in a few cases rose even to
10.4-10.9 per cent. It at least follows from the experiments made thus
far that man can absorb more than 500 grams of carbohydrates per diem
without difficulty.
We generally consider the pancreas as the most important organ
in the digestion and absorption of amylaceous bodies, and it is a ques-
tion how these bodies are absorbed after the extirpation of the pan-
creas. As on the absorption of proteins, so also on the absorption of
starch, the observations have given variable results. In certain cases
the absorption was not impaired, while in others it was, on the contrary,
rather diminished, and with dogs devoid of pancreas it has been found
that the absorption was decreased to 50 per cent of the starch partaken
(Rosenberg, Cavazzani 2
).
Emunification used to be considered as of the greatest importance
in the absorption of fats, and this emulsion occurs in the chyle on the
introduction into the intestine of not only neutral fats, but also of fatty
acids. The fatty acids do not exist as such in the emulsified fat of the
chyle. The investigations of I. Munk, later confirmed by others, have
shown that the fatty acids undergo in great part a synthesis into neutral
fats in the walls of the intestine, and are carried as such by the stream
of chyle into the blood. This synthesis seems to take place in the
mucous membrane (Moore and others 3
).
The assumption that the fat is absorbed chiefly as an emulsion is
partly based on the abundance of emulsified fat in the chyle after feed-
ing with fat, and partly on the fact that a fat emulsion is often found
in the intestine after such food. As an abundant cleavage of neutral
1
Rubner, Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 15 and 19; Constantinidi, ibid., 23; Hultgren and
Landergren, Nord. med. Arch. 21.
2
Cavazzani, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 7. See footnote 1, p. 532; also Lombroso,
Hofmeister’s Beitriige, 8.
3
Munk, Virchow’s Arch., 80. See also v. Walther, Arch. f. (Anat, u.) Physiol.,
1890; Minkowski, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 21; Frank, Zeitschr. f. Biologie,
36; Moore, see Biochem. Centralbl., 1, 741; Frank and Ritter, Zeitschr. f. Biologie,
47; Noll, Pfl tiger’s Arch. 136.
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