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CHAPTER XIII.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE KURILE ISLANDS AND JAPAN
FROM THE NORTH.
THE men that took part in these early Russian
explorations have not yet received their just dues.
Not one of them, however, needs rehabilitation so much
as Spangberg. He is entitled to an independent place
in geographical history, but has been completely barred
out. O. Peschel and Prof. Ruge know him as Bering’s
principal officer, but not as the discoverer of the Kurile
Islands and Japan from the north. And yet, just this
was his task. He was to sail from Kamchatka to Nipon,
chart the Kurile Islands, link the Russian explorations
to the West European cartography of northern Japan,
and investigate the geography of the intervening region,—
especially the cartographical monsters which in the
course of a century of contortion had developed from
De Vries’s intelligent map of East Yezo, Iturup (Staaten
Eiland) and Urup (Kompagniland). We have already
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