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CHAPTER I.
RUSSIA AND ENGLAND IN THE WORK OF ARCTIC
EXPLORATION.—VITUS BERING’S RANK AS AN EXPLORER.
IN the great work of Arctic exploration done during
the last two centuries, it was first Russia and later
England that took the lead, and to these two nations we
are principally indebted for our knowledge of Arctic
continental coast-lines. The English expeditions were
undertaken with better support, and under circumstances better
designed to attract public attention. They have,
moreover, been excellently described, and are consequently well
known. But in the greatness of the tasks undertaken, in
the perseverance of their leaders, in difficulties, dangers,
and tragic fates, Russian explorations stand worthily at
their side. The geographical position of the Russians,
their dispersion throughout the coldest regions of the
earth, their frugal habits, remarkable power of foresight,
and their adventurous spirit, make them especially fitted
for Arctic explorations. Hence, as early as the first half
of the eighteenth century, they accomplished for Asia what
the English not until a hundred years later succeeded in
doing for the other side of the earth,—namely, the
charting of the polar coasts.
In this work the Russians introduced the system of
coasting and sledging into the service of Arctic
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