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examples of this. There are many facts which cosoperate to cause such changes.
One of the most important, which at the present time makes its.elf very apparent
owing so mass*emigration, industrialism, commerce, war, etc., is the unchecked
mixture of biood which takes place between nations and races. This mixture of
biood has not only very apparent biological consequences, but it is also not
without influence on the cultivation of a people.
$ $
#
We possess a relatively good knowledge of the present day Swede, owing
to the great work Anthropologia Suecica Professors G. Retzius and C. M. Furst,
which was published in 1902 and which is founded on measurements taken
from about 45,000 conscripts at the age of 21 years.
The average height of the Swedes in the whole of Sweden was then 170.88
cm. Excepting Lappland all the provinces of Sweden showed an average height
of over 170 cm. Gothland showed the highest average or 172.74 cm. The two
most northern provinces, Lappland and West Bothnia (Västerbotten), as well as
the two most Southern, Blekinge and Scania (Skåne), showed the lowest average
which faet seems to point out that the variations in the average height in diffe»
rent provinces to an important extent depends upon the mixture with races of
shorter stature (round skuils), in the north with Finns and Lapps and in the
south with Alpines and other race elements to be found among the people. As
the body has not finished growing at the age of 21 years, the average height
for a full grown Swede (after correction) is somewhat higher. (= 171.88 cm.)
It has further inereased during the last twenty years.
In the whole of Sweden 87 per cent of the population were long skuils
and 13 per cent round skuils*. Within the first mentioned group 30 per cent
were genuine long skulls and about 57 per cent mesocephali. The greatest num<
ber of round skulls are found in Lappland, where they reach 23.67 per cent, in
Upland with 20.98 per cent, in West Bothnia with 19.03 and in Scania with
18.60 per cent. In the middle of Sweden there is also to be found a belt of
decided longskulls. Towards the north as well as towards the south the average
of the round skulis inereases which no doubt has its explanation in the same cir*
cumstances which were noted in reference to the variations in the height of the body.
Regarding the shape of the face it can be proved that the long, oval type
of face certainly predominates. (=80 per cent.) In the Southern provinces how*
* The Swedish Scientest Anders Retzius inaugurated in anthropology, (by which is meant the science of man and man*
kind and of his place in the scheme of nature), the method of using an index. By an index is meant a number by which the
relative size of one dimension in regard to another is expressed.
The index referring to the length and breadth of the skuli, which is considered an important race mark, is reckoned in
the following manner:
The greatest breadth of the skull X 100.
The greatest length of the skuli.
The numbers one obtains by means of such a division very generally lies between 70—75—80—85. Higher and lower
numbers appear more seldom.
One usually arranges the skulis, according to the different index numbers in the following way:
1) Genuine long skulls (Dolichocephali) with an index no: below 75.
2) Medium skulls (Mesocephali) » » » » between 75—80.
3) Round skulis (Brachycephali) » » » » above 80.
It often happens that the long and oval skuils are reckoned as belonging to one group, which is called by the common
name of long skulis. (Dolichocephali). The boundary number is 80, as is shown above.
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