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By an experiment with a mixture of clay in water, which was
per-mitted to settie upon an uneven bottom in a vessel, Swedenborg came
to the conclusion that the deviations of the strata from the horizontal
position are related, at least to a great extent, to an uneven bottom
and the settling occasioned by it. The influence of side pressure was not
understood in those times.
In a subsequent chapter »De causis varietatum in stratis» the varying
hardness, color, weathering, impregnation by various substances, of the
strata, and their later metamorphoses, which took place after the universal
flood, etc., are pointed out.73 His explanation of how this could take place
by the penetration of water and other fluids through the strata, especially
along the edges of the layers, is of interest and in many cases valid
even today.
Not less interesting is the chapter »Observata et observanda circa
strata, illorumque separationem, ordinem et diversitatem».74 Swedexborg
here shows by experiment how stratification could arise by the deposition
of sediment at successive times, possibly in some cases in connection
with temporary drying up. He points out that the heavier (respectively
larger) particles sink to the bottom first, but if a fine sediment has already
been deposited and attained a certain degree of solidity, the heavier
particles remain lying upon the sediment, or in other words under
varying conditions the order of the various strata will vary. In this
connection he gives on the one hånd an account of the strata at
Helsingborg, and on the other hånd of those at Billingen. Since all the kinds
of rock occur as strata, even the hårdest greystone [trap], it may be
concluded that they were all originally deposited on the bottom of the
sea. Metallic veins however ape exceptions to this, although some strata
may also contain ores.
Interstrata also deserve to be carefully investigated, and Swedexborg
gives an account of their constitution. »Nearly every change which is
noticed in the strata is caused by the penetration and infiltration into
the interstices of vapors, gases, water». Finally, the various objects
im-bedded in the strata, such as plants, shells, other animals, etc., are also
is an old ruin of a castle built on diabase (devonian lava stream), which rests upon a
middle devonian schist, the stratification of which is almost horizontal, although it
exhibits a transverse lamination. Probably Swedexborg has taken this lamination to
be the actual stratification. The examples from Cassel mentioned above presumably
reler to the pronounced folds in the so-called »Weinberge» and their relation to the
horizontal »Röth*-strata (the upper portion of the Bunter-sandstein).
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