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74.8 URINE.
Uroerythrin is the pigment which often gives the beautiful red color to
the urinary sediments (sedi?nentum lateritium) . It also frequently occurs
although only in very small quantities, dissolved in normal urines. The
quantity is increased after great muscular activity, after profuse perspira-
tion, immoderate eating, or partaking of alcoholic drinks, as well as after
digestive disturbances, fevers, circulatory disturbances of the liver, and
in many other pathological conditions.
Uroerythrin, which has been especially studied by Zoja, Riva, and
Garrod,1
has a pink color, is amorphous, and is very quickly destroyed
by light, especially when in solution. The best solvent is amyl alcohol;
acetic ether is not so good, and alcohol, chloroform, and water are even
less valuable. The very dilute solutions show a pink color; but on greater
concentration they become reddish orange or bright red. They do not
fluoresce either directly or after the addition of an ammoniacal solution
of zinc chloride; but they have a strong absorption, beginning in the
middle between D and E and extending to about F, and consisting of two
bands which are connected by a shadow between E and b. Concentrated
sulphuric acid colors a uroerythrin solution a beautiful carmine red;
hydrochloric acid gives a pink color. Alkalies make its solution grass
green, and often a play of colors from pink to purple and blue is observed.
Porcher and Hervieux 2
claim that uroerythrin is a skatol pigment.
In preparing uroerythrin according to Garrod, the sediment is dissolved
in water at a gentle heat and saturated with ammonium chloride, which pre-
cipitates the pigment with the ammonium urate. This is purified by repeated
solution in water and precipitation with ammonium chloride until all the urobilin
is removed. The precipitate is finally extracted on the filter in the dark with
warm water, filtered, then diluted with water, any haematoporpr^rin remaining
being removed by shaking with chloroform; the precipitate is then faintly acidi-
fied with acetic acid and shaken with chloroform, which takes up the uroerythrin.
The chloroform is evaporated in the dark at a gentle heat.
Volatile fatty acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, and perhaps also butyric
acid, occur under normal conditions in human urine (v. Jaksch), also in that of
dogs and herbivora (Schotten). The acids poorest in carbon, such as formic
acid and acetic acid, are more stable in the body than those richer in carbon,
and therefore the relatively greater part of these pass unchanged into the urine
(Schotten). Normal human urine contains besides these bodies others which
yield acetic acid when oxidized by potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid
(v. Jaksch). The quantity of volatile fatty acids in normal urine calculated as
acetic acid is, according to v. Jaksch, 0.008-0.009 gram per twenty-four hours;
according to v. Rokitansky, 0.054 gram; and according to Magnus-Levy
0.060 gram. The quantity is increased by exclusively farinaceous food (Roki-
tansky), in fever and in certain diseases, while in others it is diminished (v.
Jaksch, Rosenfeld). Large amounts of volatile fatty acids are produced in the
alkaline fermentation of the urine, and the quantity is 6-15 times as large as in
1
Zoja, Arch. ital. di clinica med., 1893, and Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch., 1892;
Riva, Gaz. med. di Torino, Anno 43, cited from Maly’s Jahresber., 24; Garrod, Journ.
of Physiol., 17 and 21.
2
Journ. de Physiol., 7.
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