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FORMATION OF BILE PIGMENTS. 443
settled beyond a doubt, then this view might be considered as proved:
Independently, however, of this identity, which is not admitted by
all investigators, the view that the bile-pigments are derived from the
blood-coloring matters has strong arguments in its favor. It has been
shown by several experimenters that a yellow or yellowish-red pigment
can be formed from the blood-coloring matters, which gives Gmelin’s
test, and which, though it may not form a complete bile-pigment, is
at least a step in its formation (Latschenberger). The previously
mentioned relationship between the blood and bile-pigments must be
recalled, and the formation of bilirubin from the blood-pigments is
shown, according to the unanimous observations of several investi-
gators, 1
bv the fact that the appearance of free haemoglobin in the plasma,
produced by the destruction of the red corpuscles by widely differing
influences (see below) or by the injection of haemoglobin solution, causes
an increased formation of bile-pigments. The amount of pigments in
the bile is not only considerably increased, but the bile-pigments may
even pass into the urine under certain circumstances (icterus). After
the injection of haemoglobin solution into a dog either subcutaneously
or in the peritoneal cavity, Stadelmann and Gorodecki 2
observed an
increase of 61 per cent in the secretion of pigments by the bile, which
lasted for more than twenty-four hours. Recently Brusch and Yosh-
imoto,3
by quantitative estimations of the bile-pigments and urobilin
in animals with bile fistulas with ligated ductus choledochus, have
shown the increased formation of bile-pigments after the injection of
known amounts of haematin, and in this manner further proved the
genetic relationship between the bile-pigments and haematin.
If bilirubin, which contains no iron, is derived from haematin, which
contains iron, then iron must be split off. The question in what form or
combination the iron is split off is of special interest, and also whether
it is eliminated by the bile. This latter does not seem to be the case,
at least to any great extent. In 100 parts of bilirubin which are eliminated
by the bile there are only 1.4-1.5 parts iron, according to Kunkel, while
100 parts haematin contain about 9 parts iron. Minkowski and Base-
rin 4
also found that the abundant formation of bile-pigments occurring
in poisoning by arseniureted hydrogen does not increase the quantity
of iron in the bile. The quantity apparently does not seem to correspond
with that in the decomposed blood-coloring matters. It follows from the
1
See Stadelmann, Der Icterus, etc., Stuttgart, 1891.
1
See Stadelmann, ibid.
3
Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Therap., 8.
4
Kunkel, Pfluger’s Arch., 14; Minkowski and Baserin, Arch. f. exp. Path. u.
Pharm., 23.
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