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436 THE LIVER.
ox-, and dog-bile. Urea occurs in the bile of the shark and ray in such
large quantities that it forms one of the chief constituents of the bile. 1
The mineral constituents of the bile are, besides the alkalies, to which the
bile-acids are united, sodium and potassium chloride, calcium and
magnesium phosphate, and iron—0.04-0.115 p. m. in human bile,
chiefly combined with phosphoric acid (Young 2
). Traces of copper
are habitually present, and traces of zinc are often found. Sulphates are
entirely absent, or occur only in very small amounts.
The quantity of iron in the bile varies greatly. According to Novi
it is dependent upon the kind of food, and in dogs it is lowest with a bread
diet and highest with a meat diet. According to Dastre this is not the
case. The quantity of iron in the bile varies even though a constant
diet is maintained, and the variation is dependent upon the forma-
tion and destruction of blood. According to Beccari 3 the iron does
not disappear from the bile in inanition, and the percentage shows no
constant diminution. The question as to the extent of elimination by
the bile of the iron introduced into the body has received various answers.
There is no doubt that the liver has the property of collecting and retain-
ing iron, as well as other metals, from the blood. Certain investigators,
such as Novi and Kunkel, are of the opinion that the iron introduced
and transitorily retained in the liver is eliminated by the bile, while
others, such as Hamburger, Gottlieb, and Anselm,4
deny any such
elimination of iron by the bile.
Quantitative Composition of the Bile. Complete analyses of human
bile have been made by Hoppe-Seyler and his pupils. The bile was
removed from the gall-bladder of cadavers, hence these analyses can
be of little interest. Older and less complete analyses of perfectly fresh
human bile have been made bjr Frerichs and v. Gorup-Besanez.5
The bile analyzed by them was from perfectly healthy persons who
had been executed or accidentally killed. The two analyses of
Frerichs are, respectively, of (I) an 18-year-old and (II) a 22-year-
old male. The analyses of v. Gorup-Besanez are of (I) a man of 49
and (II) a woman of 29. The results are, as usual, in parts per 1000.
1
Hammarsten, ibid., 24.
2
Journ. of Anat. and Physiol., 5, 158.
3
Novi, see Maly’s Jahresber., 20; Dastre, Arch, de Physiol. (5), 3; Beccari, Arch,
ital. de Biol., 28.
4
Kunkel, Pfliiger’s Arch., 14; Hamburger, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 2 and 4;
Gottlieb, ibid., 15; Anselm, " Ueber die Eisenausscheidung der Galle," Inaug.-Diss.
Dorpat, 1891 . See also the works cited in footnote 3, p. 339.
5
,See Hoppe-Seyler Physiol. Chem., 301; Socoloff, Pfliiger’s Arch., 12; Trifanow-
Bki, ibid., 9; Frerichs in Hoppe-Seyler’s Physiol. Chem., 299; v. Gorup-Besanez, ibid.
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