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BILIRUBIN, BILIVEKDIN. 433
green hiliverdin. Then follows a blue coloring-matter which Heinsm B
and Campbell call bilicyanin, and Stokvis calls cholecyanin, and which
shows a characteristic absorption-spectrum. The neutral solutions of
this coloring-matter are, according to Stokvis, bluish-green or steel-blue
with a beautiful blue fluorescence. The alkaline solutions are green
and have no marked fluorescence, and show three absorption-bands:
one, sharp and dark, in the red between C and D, nearer to C; a second,
less well defined, covering D; and a third between E and F, near E.
The strongly acid solutions are violet-blue and show two bands, described
by Jaffe between the lines C and E, separated from each other by a
narrow space near D. A third band between b and F is seen with dif-
ficulty. The next oxidation step after these blue coloring-matters is
a red pigment, and lastly a yellowish-brown pigment, called choletelin,
by Malt, which in neutral alcoholic solutions does not give any absorp-
tion-spectrum, but in acid solution gives a band between b and F. On
oxidizing cholecyanin with lead peroxide, Stokvis 1
obtained a "product
which he calls choletelin, which is quite similar to urinary urobilin, to
be discussed later.
Bilirubin is best prepared from gall-stones of oxen, these concretions
being very rich in calcium bilirubin. The finely powdered concrement
is first exhausted with ether and then with boiling water, so as to remove
the cholesterin and bile-acids. In order to .remove the mineral con-
stituents it is better to use 10 per cent acetic acid instead of hydrochloric
acid (Kuster 2
). A green pigment is now removed by extraction with
alcohol, and the choleprasin is extracted with hot glacial acetic acid.
After washing with water it is dried, and extracted repeatedly with boil-
ing chloroform. The bilirubin separates from the chloroform as crusts,
which are treated once or twice in the above manner. It is then extracted
with alcohol and precipitated from its chloroform solution by alcohol, or
crystallized from boiling dimethylaniline. Further details are given by
Kuster.3
The quantitative estimation of bilirubin may be made by the spectro-
photometric method, according to the steps suggested for the blood-
coloring matters.4
Biliverdin, Ci 6Hi8N204 or C32H36N4O8. This body, which is formed
by the oxidation of bilirubin, occurs in the bile of many animals, in
vomited matter, in the placenta of the bitch (?), in the shells of birds’
1
Heinsius and Campbell, Pfluger’s Arch., 4; Stokvis, Centralbl. f. med. Wis-
sensch., 1872, 785; ibid., 1873, 211 and 449; Jaffe\ ibid., 1868; Maly, Wien. Sitzungs-
ber., 59.
2
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 47.
3
Ibid., 59.
4
See also Herzfeld, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 77 and 78.
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