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416 THE LIVER.
bile, has been answered in very different ways. Many, especially the
older investigators, have observed an increase in the bile secretion after
the use of certain therapeutic agents, such as calomel, rhubarb, jalap,
turpentine, olive-oil, etc.; while others, especially the more recent inves-
tigators, have arrived at quite opposite results. From all appearances
this contradiction is due to the great irregularity of the normal secretion,
which might readily cause mistakes in tests with therapeutic agents.
Schiff’s view, that the bile absorbed from the intestinal canal increases
the secretion of bile and hence acts as a cholagogue, seems to be a pos-
itively proved fact by the investigations of several experimenters. 1
Sodium salicylate is also perhaps a cholagogue (Stadelmann, Doyon
and Dufourt, Winogradow) and according to Petrowa 2 in dogs sodium
benzoate, thymole, phenol, menthol and all such bodies which are
conjugated to ethereal sulphuric acid in the animal body, increase the
secretion of bile.
Acids, and especially, under normal conditions, hydrochloric acid,
seem to be physiological excitants for bile secretion. According to
Falloise and Fleig the acids act upon the duodenum and the upper
part of the jejunum, and the action is brought about by a secretin forma-
tion similar to the action of acids upon the secretion of pancreatic juice
(see Chapter VIII). According to Falloise 3
chloral hydrate introduced
into the duodenum causes a secretion of bile in an analogous manner, by
the aid of a special chloral secretin.
The bile is a mixture of the secretion of the liver-cells and the so-
called mucus which is secreted by the glands of the biliary passages
and by the mucous membrane of the gall-bladder. The secretion of the
liver, which is generally poorer in solids than the bile from the gall-
bladder, is thin and clear, while the bile collected in the gall-bladder
is more ropy and viscous on account of the absorption of water and the
admixture of " mucus," and cloudy because of the presence of cells,
pigments, and the like. The specific gravity of the bile from the gall-
bladder varies considerably, being in man between 1.010 and 1.040.
Its reaction is alkaline to litmus. The color changes in different animals:
golden-yellow, yellowish-brown, olive-brown, brownish-green, grass-green
or bluish-green. Bile obtained from an executed person immediately
after death is golden-yellow or yellow with a shade of brown. Still cases
1
SchifF, Pfliiger’s Arch., 3. See Stadelmann, Der Icterus, and the dissertations of
his pupils, especially Winteler, " Experimentelle Beitrage zur Frage des Kreislaufes
der Galle " (Inaug.-Diss. Dorpat, 1892), and Gartner, " Experimentelle Beitrage zur
Physiol, und Path, der Gallensekretion " (Inaug.-Dis. Jurjew, 1893); also Stadelmann,
" Ueber den Kreislauf der Galle," Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 34.
2
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Ghem., 74 (literature). See also footnote 4, page 415.
J
Falloise, Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belg., 1903; Fleig, ibid., 1903.
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