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408 THE LIVER.
acid is an intermediary step. Many x
objections have been advanced
against the view of Stoklasa that in animal as well as in plant tissues,
in anaerobic respiration, an alcoholic fermentation may occur as this
observed action of the tissues could only be brought about by the presence
of micro-organisms.
That lactic acid can be an intermediary step in the destruction of
sugar in the animal body cannot be denied. On the contrary it follows
from several circumstances which will be mentioned in Chapter
X. (muscle) on the origin of lactic acid that such a condition exists
and the following observations of A. R. Mandel and Lusk 2
on the
relation of lactic acid to diabetes indicate the same. These exper-
imenters showed after phosphorus poisoning in dogs, that the blood and
urine contained abundance of lactic acid, and on producing phlorhizin-
diabetes it disappeared from these fluids, and also that phosphorus poison-
ing does not cause a lactic acid formation in dogs with phlorhizin-
diabetes. Although it is difficult to give a satisfactory interpretation
of these observations, it is still very probable that in the elimination
of the sugar in phlorhizin-diabetes a mother-substance of the lactic acid
is lost.
We do not agree as to the ways and means which bring about
the so-called glycolysis, and another disputed question is whether the
glycolysis can be produced by one organ or only by the combined action
of several organs. Cohnheim 3
found that a cell-free fluid can be obtained
from a mixture of pancreas and muscle, which destroys glucose, while
the pancreas alone does not have this action, and the muscle only to a
slight extent. The pancreas does not contain, according to Cohnheim,
a glycolytic enzyme, but a substance resistant to boiling temperatures,
which is soluble in water and alcohol, and which, like an amboceptor,
activates a glycolytic proenzyme which exists in the muscle fluid, but
which is inactive alone and which retards glycolysis when it exists in
excess.
The statements of Cohnheim have been disputed, and recently Levene
and Meyer 4
have shown that we are not here dealing with a disap-
pearance of glucose by glycolysis, but more likely with a disappearance
1
See the works of O. Cohnheim, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 39, 42, 43; Batelli,
Compt, rend., 137; Portier, Compt. rend. soc. biol., 57; Harden and Maclean, Journ.
of Physiol., 42 and 43.
2
Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 16.
3
Cohnheim, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 39, 42, 43, and 47.
4
Stocklasa and collaborators, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 17, and Ber. d. d. chem.
Gesellsch., 36 and 38; Feinschmidt, Hofmeister’s Beitrage, 4; Hirsch, ibid.; Claus and
Embden, ibid., 6; Arnheim and Rosenbaum, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 40; Braun-
stein, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 51; Levene and Meyer, Journ. of biol. Chem., 9.
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