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314 THE BLOOD.
to Frevnd 1
it is this adhesion between the blood and a foreign substance
—and the diseased walls of the vessel also act as as such—that gives the
impulse toward coagulation, while the lack of adhesion prevents the
blood from coagulating. Bordet and Gengou 2
have also shown that
the plasma obtained by centrifuging blood collected in a paraffined
vessel, and perfectly free from form-elements, can be kept without coagulat-
ing in a paraffined vessel, and that it does coagulate on being transferred
to an unparaffined vessel. The adhesion of the plasma to a foreign
body may also, in the absence of form-elements, give the impulse to
coagulation. That this adhesion of the form-elements is of great impor-
tance cannot be denied and is also generally accepted. By this adhesion
the form-elements undergo certain changes which seem to stand in a
certain relation to the coagulation of the blood.
The views in regard to these changes are, unfortunately, very diver-
gent. According to Alex. Schmidt 3
and the Dorpat school an abun-
dant destruction of the leucocytes, especially polynuclear leucocytes,
takes place in coagulation, and important constituents for the coagula-
tion of the fibrin pass into the plasma. A direct relation between the
destruction of leucocytes and coagulation is denied by many investigators,
while according to other experimenters the essential factor is not a
destruction of the leucocytes, but an elimination of constituents from
the cells into the plasma. This process is called plasmoschisis by Lowit.4
The passage of cell constituents into the plasma before coagulation must
not necessarily be considered as a phenomenon of death, as it may just
as well be a secretory process (Arthus, Morawitz, Dastre 5
).
1
’
Great importance has also been ascribed to the blood-plates in coagula-
tion as certain investigators (Bizzero, Lilienfeld, Schwalbe, Mora-
witz, Burker, Deetjen, Le Sourd and Pagniez) found that they
induce, accelerate or make coagulation possible. According to Vinci and
Chistoni they are not necessary as they are absent in the blood of
birds, which coagulates rapidly, and also in the lymph, of the dog, rabbit
and cat. They may nevertheless accelerate coagulation and they are
necessary for the contraction of the clot. According to Aynaud they
1
Freund, Wien. med. Jahrb., 1886; Haycraft and Carlier, Journ. of Anat. and
Physiol., 22.
1
Annal. de l’Institute Pasteur, 17.
3
Pfliiger’s Arch., 11. The works of Alex. Schmidt are found in Arch. f. Anat.
und Physiol., 1861, 1862; Pfluger’s Arch., 6, 9, 11, 13. See especially Alex. Schmidt,
Zur Hlutlehre (Leipzig, 1892), which also gives the work of his pupils, and Weitere
Beitnige zur Blutlehre, 1895.
4
Wien. Sitzungsber., 89 and 90, and Prager med. Wochenschr., 1889, referred
to in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch., 28, 265.
6 Morawitz, Hofmeister’s Beitriige, 5; Arthus, Compt. rend. soc. biolog., 55;
Dastre, ibid., 55.
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