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310 THE BLOOD.
The methods for the determination of the true reaction of animal
fluids, also the blood, have been given in Chapter I. For the true
alkalinity of the blood, as first shown by Hober and especially by
Hasselbalch and Lundsgaard, the carbon dioxide is of the greatest
importance in that with an increasing carbon-dioxide tension the con-
centration of the H ions increase. Thus Hasselbalch and Lunds-
gaard J
found that a rise in the carbon-dioxide tension of 30-50 mm.,
that is a rise of 20 mm., increased the concentration of the H ions about
36 per cent.
For the determination of the true reaction the temperature at which
the measurement is made is of the greatest importance. As the dis-
sociation constant of water strongly rises with the temperature, the
HO ion concentration of the blood must rise with the temperature, and
we can believe that the alkalinity of the blood at body temperature
must be 2-3 times greater than when measured at 18° and that this
alkalinity increases 15-20 per cent when the normal temperature of the
body (38°) rises to that of a high fever (42°).
The true alkalinity of the blood is somewhat variable under different
conditions. In this connection it must be remarked that also age and
other conditions have an action upon the alkalinity. As the determin-
ations are made with different, and not always exact methods, and some-
times without consideration of the action of carbon dioxide and tem-
perature, it is extremely difficult to give satisfactory average results.
Under these circumstances it is perhaps sufficient to refer to the figures
given in Chapter I (page 76).
The alkali of the blood as above mentioned exists in part as alkaline
salts, carbonate and phosphate, and partly in combination with protein
or hsemoglobin. The first are often spoken of as readily diffusible alkalies,
while the others are not or are only diffusible with difficulty (see page
268). The quantity of the first, in human blood, is about one-fifth of the
total alkali (Brandenburg). The readily as well as the difficultly
diffusible alkali is divided between the blood-corpuscles and plasma, and
the blood-corpuscles seem to be richer in difficultly diffusible alkali than
the plasma or serum. This division may be changed by the influence of
even very small amounts of acid, even of carbonic acid, and also, as shown
by Zuntz, Loewy and Zuntz, Hamburger, Limbeck, and Gurber,2
189*1. See also Maly’fl Jahresber., 2d, 30, and 81; Salaskin and Pupkin, Zeitschr. f.
physiol. Chem., 42, and O. Folin, ibid., 43; Laitinen, Hammarsten’s Festschr., 1903;
Westenrijk, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm. Suppl., 190S, Schmiedeberg-Festschrift.
1
The literature may be found in Sorenssen, Messung und Bedeutung der Wasser-
Btoff-ionkonzentrationen, Ergbn. d. Physiol, 12; Hasselbalch and Lundsgaard, Bioch.
Zeitsrhr., 38, and Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 27; Hasselbalch, Bioch. Zeitschr., 30; Lunds-
gaard, ibid., 41.
2
Zuntz, in Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiol., 4, Abt. 2; Loewy and Zuntz,
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