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return when the forest is let alone. The birch is
found nearly everywhere in Finland, even quite far
north; farthest north of all being found the little
dwarf birch (Betula nana), which grows higher up in
the mountains than the pine or fir. The peculiarly
beautiful weeping birch predominates in a large part
of the islands, and is also common in the southern
and central parts of the country. In addition to being
employed as firewood, birch is used for the
manufacture of bobbins, now rather an important industry.
Of the two varieties of alder, the common red alder
(Alnus glutinosa) grows largely among the swamps of
the south, and far up along the rivers and coast. The
hoary and wavy-leafed species (Alnus incana)
predominates in the north, chiefly in central and eastern
Finland, where, on burnt-over lands, it is sometimes
more prevalent than the birch.
The aspen is found almost as far north as the birch,
but rarely in any dense growth. Latterly its wood has
been in especial request in match factories.
Among other trees the mountain ash, which in olden
times was regarded even more than the birch as a holy
tree, extends far up north. Among several service
trees, one is known as the Lapland variety. Two other
varieties, the bastard service and the Scandia service,
are found only in the south-west, especially in Åland.
Still farther north, we find a number of willows,
including the cracking willow, and about twenty varieties of
osiers. The most northerly limit of linden (Tilia ulmifolia)
and hazel is comparatively far down, and for elm,
Norwegian maple (Acer platanoides), and ash, it is even
farther down on the southern coast. We find oak on
the southern coast only, e.g., on Runsala island near
Åbo, and farther down on the south-western coast, and
in the province of Viborg. Interesting experiments are
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