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Education 151
strong effort of memory to call them back into
their minds; or they suggest to themselves
that they have done, or not done, something.
In all of these cases, if they were forced to
give a distinct answer, they would lie. In
every case of this kind, where a child is con-
cerned, the lie is assumed to be a conscious
one, and when on being submitted to a strict
cross-examination, he hesitates, becomes con-
fused, and blushes, it is looked upon as a proof
that he knows he has been telling an untruth,
although as a rule there has been no instance
of untruthfulness, except the finally extorted
confession from the child that he has lied. Yet
in all these complicated psychological prob-
lems, corporal punishment is treated as a
solution.
The child who never hears lying at home,
who does not see exaggerated weight placed
on small, merely external things, who is not
made cowardly by fear, who hears conscious
lies always spoken of with contempt, will get
out of the habit of untruthfulness simply by
psychological means. First he will find that
untruthfulness causes astonishment, and a
repetition of it, scorn and lack of confidence.
But these methods should not be applied to
untruthfulness caused by distress or by rich-
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