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xiii

(1915) Author: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Translator: Arthur Hubbell Palmer With: Arthur Hubbell Palmer
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INTRODUCTION xiii

He was the first leader of his country in a period when the
battles of the spirit on the fields of politics and economics,
ethics, and esthetics were the only form of conflict, —
a leader evoking, developing, and guiding the powers of
his nation into fuller and higher life. In his many-sided-
ness Bjérnson was also in his time the first skald of his
people, almost equally endowed with genius as a narra-
tive, a dramatic, and a lyric poet; with talents scarcely less
remarkable as an orator, a theater-director, a journalistic
tribune of the people (his newspaper articles amounted,
roughly estimated, to ten thousand book-pages), a letter-
writer, and a conversationalist.

If, furthermore, we take into account also Bjérnson’s
labors and achievements in the domain of action more nar-
rowly considered, it is no wonder that his Poems and Songs
make only a small volume. Examining the book more
closely, we find that three-quarters of its pages were writ-
ten before the year 1875, so that the lyrical output, here
published, of the thirty-four years thereafter amounts to
but fifty pages. From the year 1874 on in Bjornson’s life
the chieftain supplanted the skald, so far as lyrical utter-
ance was concerned. He was leading his nation in thought
and action on the fields of theology and religion, of politics,
economics, and social reform; he was tireless in making
speeches, in writing letters and newspaper articles; his
poetic genius flowed out copiously in the dramatic and epic
channels of his numerous modern plays, novels, and stories.

That soon after 1874 Bjornson passed through a crisis
in his personal thought and inner life was probably, in view

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