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VIII. Topographical Nomenclature.
In Norway and Sweden , tlie former in particular, the spelling
and pronunciation of the names of places is very variable. In
Sweden the modified <r and o are written ä and ö, but in Norway
usually <r and 0, while ä and ö also sometimes occur, the latter
being used by some writers to indicate the short sound of the
letter. Again in Norway aa, au, ou, and 0 are frequently
interchanged, as in Laag, Luuy, Loug, or Log, ‘river1, and Hang or
Iloug, ‘hill’. The vowels 0, u, ei, 01, and e (sometimes also u)
are also frequently interchanged , while their pronunciation is
nearly identical, so that the same word will sometimes assume
such various written forms as Synjereim, Sønnerheim, or Sønnerum,
Bredheim or Breum, Maraak or Merok, Eidfjord or Øifjord. The
letter d in combination with other consonants or at the end of a
word is usually silent, and is consequently often omitted in writing
(Meheia for Mcdheia, Haukeli tor Haukelid, etc.). Lastly it may be
observed that in many words g and k, when hard, are used
indifferently, as Ayershus or Akershus, Egersund or Ekersund, Vig or Vik.
The article en or el (sec the grammar in the appendix) is often
added in common speech to names which appear in the map
without it (Krogleren, Kroglev, etc.). In the Danish or Norwegian
language the letter iv does not occur, but in Swedish v and w are
constantly interchanged, the latter having of late come more into vogue.
In both countries the traveller will often be struck by the
simplicity and primitiveness of the nomenclature, names
signifying merely ‘the creek1, ‘the promontory’, ‘the lake1, ‘the end of
the lake1, ‘the river1, ‘the river valley1, ‘the valley river’ recurring
very frequently. Farm-houses again usually take their names
from their proprietors, and the converse is also often the case.
The following is a list of several Norwegian words of frequent
recurrence (<p and 0 being placed last in the alphabet): —
Aak, Ok, probably con- Fjeld, mountain. J/o, Mog, plain, dale,
traded from Aaker or /yorci.hay,armofthcsea. Hork, Mørk, forest-, also
Ager, field, cultivated Fos, waterfall. a ‘mountain-tract’,
land. Guard, farm-house(Engl. jVws, nose, promontory.
Aar, from Aa, river. ‘yard’). Kul, mountain-top, peak.
A a*, ridge. Gold, rocky 9lope. Odde, tongue of land,
Aur, see Øre. Grand, group of chalets. promontory.
Bakke, hill. Haug. Iloug, hill. Os, month, estuary.
Brw, glacier. llei, lleia, barren height. Plads, hamlet, clearing.
llu, Be, ‘Gaard’, hamlet. Helle, slab of stone, rock, Frwstegaard, parsonage.
By, town, village. clifi’. Baler,‘chalet’, mountain-
Bygd, parish, district, Ihjl, Høl, hollow, basin. farm, cowherds’ hut.
hamlet. Kirke, church. Sjø, Sø, lake.
Dal, valley. Kiev, elill’. Slul, Støl, see ‘Sifter’.
Egg, corner, edge, ridge. &’vain, Qram, ravine. Slue , wooden house,
Fide, isthmus, neck of Laag, Log, Laug, Long, sæter, hut.
land. river. Sund, strait, ferry.
Elv, river. Lund, grove, thicket. Thveit (Eng. ‘thwaite’)1
Fjære, ebb-tide, tbe beach Lykke, hamlet, garden. clearing,
exposed at ebb-tide. Mark, field. Tind, peak.
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