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been done for the peasants; but there is this difficulty,
that the present Russian Governor-General is not in
favour of the peasants obtaining, as they wish, a general
education together with technical knowledge. It is a
noteworthy fact that the peasants send their sons to
school in larger numbers in bad years, when there is
less to do in the country. Schools in Ostrobothnia
have very few pupils just now on account of the great
increase in emigration.
In Finland, as in other countries, much good work
has been done by private associations. The Imperial
Economic Society of Finland, with headquarters in
Åbo, was established at the end of the eighteenth
century. To-day “Hushallssallskaper” exist in each
separate province; also parish associations; a large
dairy association, which is making vigorous efforts to
organise the sale of butter in England; an association,
established in 1894, for the cultivation of peat-bogs;
and several others. Co-operative associations were
formed, too, on Danish models, not only to work
creameries, but also for other purposes, such as the
purchase of artificial manure; and a new law has been
passed laying down general regulations for them,
requiring a written agreement among the partners,
and so on. Only associations which grant loans need
government sanction. Such societies and other forms
of co-operation, with judicious assistance from the
government, contribute considerably to a country’s
progress.
Up to the present time the dwellers in the
immense Finnish Lapmark, the Finns themselves as
Avell as the few Lapps, have lived almost exclusively
on their reindeer and the proceeds of their fishing.
Now, on the representations of the Diet, a committee
has been formed to examine into their situation and to
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