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330 The Century of the Child
themselves; while the majority are aiming at
getting and spending money; while so many
are able to eat without working, and so few
can find work who look for it; while careless
luxury lives side by side with careless neces-
sity, the upper class has not the shadow of right
to expect an improved lower class. The so-
ciety of the present day creates and maintains
a social system whose effects are notorious in
the economic crimes of the upper and lower
class alike. It is not surprising that great
cities are full of tramps and street urchins,
like a spoilt cheese full of maggots.
A destroyed home life, an idiotic school sys-
tem, premature work in the factory, stupefy-
ing life in the streets, these are what the great
city gives to the children of the under classes.
It is more astonishing that the better instincts
of human nature generally are victorious in
the lower class, than the fact that this result
is occasionally reversed.
There is another argument against child
labour, to be found in its immediate effect on
industry itself.
Working men trained in the schools are
everywhere notoriously most efficient; even in
Russia, where popular education is still so de-
fective, this experience has been noted. The
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