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and chief among these are the cotton-spinning and
weaving. In 1898 these establishments produced
goods to the value of about 26 million marks, which
is a larger amount than that given in the official
statistics. Five large factories alone produced about
20½ million marks. The largest of all was established
in 1820 in Tammerfors by a Scotchman named
Finlayson, who in 1812 had been told in St. Petersburg
about the good opening which existed in Tammerfors,
his informant being a Dr. Patterson who had returned
from a visit to Finland on behalf of the Russian Bible
Society. The factory is now owned by two Russian
families, Von Nottbeck and Rauch, and the value of
its products is about 13 million marks. There is
another in Vasa producing about 5 millions, one in
Forssa producing 6 millions, another in Åbo producing
one million, and to these must now be added another
in Tammerfors and a large one in Björneborg. In
1892 the whole output did not amount to 13 millions;
in 1891 it was nearly 15 millions, and in the
prosperous year of 1889 it was only 12½ million marks,
or barely half of the present amount. In later times
about five or six million kilos of cotton have been
imported and from one to two hundred thousand
kilos of thread. This amount of cotton is now four
times as much per head as it was thirty years ago,
in 1866-68 (0.65 kilo). In 1898 the import of
finished and half-finished goods was worth 8¾
millions of marks (including cotton pieces worth over
6 millions, yarns and threads 2½ millions), against a
total of 3 millions in 1893, and 5½ millions in 1891.
In 1899 the import seems to have been less, amounting
only to 4 million marks of piece goods and 1¾ of
yarns and threads; figures which are probably due to
a larger manufacture in the country. The amount
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