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land on the Randsfjord and Ringerike on the Tyrifjord). The
mountains then descend to the plain of Jarlsberg and Laurvig.
Among their last spurs are the Gausta and the Lidfjeld in
Telemarken, and the isolated Xorefjeld, rising between Lake Krøderen
and the Eggedal.
The mountains extending towards the S.E. next enter the
Herjeådal and Vermeland in Sweden, where they contain
valuable iron ores, particularly in Vermeland, Dalarne, and
Vestman-land. The range next runs between Lakes Yeuern and Vettem.
where it is called Tiveden, and extends to theE. under the names
of the Tydöskog and Kolmården. It then intersects the province
of Gotland and forms the plateau of Småland to the S. of Lake
Yettern. An important spur a little to the S. of that lake is the
Taberg, a hill containing about 30 per cent of iron ore. The hills
then gradually slope down to the plains of Skåne and Halland,
where there are a few insignificant heights only. In the plains of
Gotland rise the isolated Kinnekulle on Lake Yenern, the
Hälleberg, the Hunneberg, and the Omberg.
The Swedish islands of Gotland and Öland contain no hills
above 210 ft. in height.
To a comparatively recent geological period belongs the
Swedish Basin’ extending from the Skager Rak through Lakes Yenern
and Vetteru to Lake Mälaren, the land to the S. of which was
probably once an island. These lakes are believed to have once
formed a water-way to the Gulf of Finland, which again was
probably connected with the White Sea, and this theory seems to
be borne out by the fact that a kind of crayfish found in the
White Sea and Lake Venern does not exist in the Atlantic or in
the Baltic. The moderh canal-route connecting these lakes is
described in RR. 37, 38, 40.
The coast to the N. of Stockholm is flat and well wooded, and
intersected by numerous rivers and long lakes, at the mouths of
which lie a number of towns chiefly supported by the timber-trade.
One of the most important lakes is the picturesque Siljan (p. 368),
through which the Usterdal-Elf flows. Below Falun that river joins
the Vesterdal-Elf, and their united waters form a fine cascade at
Elfkarlebv. Of the many other rivers the most important are the
picturesque Angerman-Elf (p. 373), the Lule-Elf(-g. 375), and the
Torne-Elf [p. 376). The last, the longest of all, is connected by a
branch with the parallel river Kalix. Most of these eastern rivers
are rather a series of lakes connected by rapids and waterfalls. The
heavy rainfall in the mountain regions descending into the valleys,
where the sun has not sufficient power to evaporate it, forms these
lakes and extensive swamps, the overflow of which descends from
basin to basin till it reaches the sea. The lower ends of these
rivers are generally navigable for some distance. Steamboats ply
on the Angerman-Elf and the Lule-Elf (pp. 374, 375).
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